Essential Info
- Table of Contents and Sample Chapters
Table of Contents and Sample Chapters
Preface
PLENARY TALKS
Evolutionary Systems for Brain Communications -- Towards an Artificial Brain
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Paradigm Shift to Life-Like and Society-Like Information Processing
3 Evolution and Emergent Mechanisms for Brain Communication
4 Current Research Projects at ATR
4.1 Software Evolution
4.2 Hardware Evolution
4.2.1 CAM-BRAIN: Cellular Automata Machine-Brain
4.2.2 Development and Evolution of Hardware Behaviors
4.3 Self-Organization and Evolution of Adaptive Behavior
4.4 Genetic Mechanisms and Evolutionary System Theory
5 Conclusion
References
Emergent functionality in robotic agents through on-line evolution.
Abstract
Introduction
The PDL Robot Architecture
The selectionist mechanism
The initial population
Assigning a fitness value
Changing the population
Experiments
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
LONG PAPERS
Artificial Fishes with Autonomous Locomotion, Perception, Behavior, and Learning in a Simulated Physical World
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Functional Overview of the Artificial Fish
2 Realistic Modeling of Form and Appearance
3 Physics-Based Fish Model and Locomotion
3.1 Mechanics
3.2 Swimming Using Muscles and Hydrodynamics
3.3 Motor Controllers
3.4 Pectoral Fins
4 Learning Muscle-Based Locomotion
4.1 Learning Strategy
4.2 Low-Level Learning
4.3 Abstraction of High-Level Controllers
5 Sensory Perception
5.1 Vision Sensor
6 Behavioral Modeling
6.1 Habits and Mental State
6.2 Intention Generator
6.3 Behavior Routines
7 Artificial Fish Types
7.1 Predators
7.2 Prey
7.3 Pacifists
8 Conclusion
References
Evolving 3D Morphology and Behavior by Competition
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Contest
3 Approximating Competitive Environments
4 Creature Morphology
5 Creature Behavior
5.1 Sensors
5.2 Neurons
5.3 Effectors
5.4 Combining Morphology and Control
6 Physical Simulation
7 Creature Evolution
7.1 Mutating Directed Graphs
7.2 Mating Directed Graphs
7.3 Parallel Implementation
8 Results and Discussion
9 Future Work
10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Altruism in the Evolution of Communication
Abstract
1 Models of the Evolution of Communication
2 Model Description: Worlds Within Worlds
2.1 Local level: A day in the life
2.2 Individual level: Genes and neurons
2.3 Global level: Reproductive and migratory
3 Case studies: Results and Observations
3.1 Case 1: Wind-only
3.2 Case 2: Festivals and wind
3.3 Case 3: Strictly festival
3.4 Analysis: War and Pestilence
4 Discussion: Mutation and Migration
References
Evolution of Metabolism for Morphogenesis
Abstract
Introduction
Previous Research on Development
The Model
Overview
Super Coupled Map
Metabolic Reactions
Active Transport and Diffusion
Cell Division
Cell Death
Interaction with Neighbor Cells
Paramters
Results of Experiments
Cell Behavior
Evolutionary Behavior
Morphogenesis
Discussions
Acquisition of Metabolism
Dynamics
Unresolved Issues
Conclusion
References
Competition, Coevolution and the Game of Tag
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Experimental Design
4. Genetic Programming and Tag
5. Results
5.1 Run A
5.2 Run C
5.3 Run G
6. Conclusions
7. Future Work
Acknowledgments
References
In Praise of Interactive Emergence, or Why Explanations Don't Have to Wait for Implementations
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Clarification of Terms
3 Six Explanatory Principles Derived from Situated Robotics
4 Four Types of Scientific Explanation
5 Behavioral Ecology, Cost-Benefit Models and Natural Selection
6 The Orienting Attitudes and Explanatory Principles of Ethology
7 The Emergence of Meaning in Human Infants
8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Reference
Spencer and Dewey on Life and Mind
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Spencer
3. Spencer on Life and Mind
4. Dewey
5. Asymmetric Externalism
Acknowledgement
References
Crossovers Generate Non-Random Recombinants under Darwinian Selection
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials & Methods
2.1. Hardware & Software
2.2. Simulated DNA Sequence Evolution
3. Results & Discussion
3.1 GA Models of Homologous Recombination
3.2. Summary: GA Models of Homologous Recombination
3.3. Illegitimate Recombination & the Exon Theory of Genes
3.4. GA Models of Illegitimate Recombination
3.5. Illegitimate Recombination in the Absence of Point Mutations
3.6. Applicability to Real Organismal Evolution
3.7. Darwinian Evolution Revisited
Acknowledgment
References and Notes
Steps Towards Co-Evolutionary Classification Neural Networks.
Abstract.
1. Introduction.
2. Experimental Set-Up
3. Approach 1: The "Traditional" Approach
3.1 Description of the Algorithm
3.2 Empirical Results
4. Approach 2: Adding Life-time Fitness Evaluation
4.1 Description of the Algorithm
4.2 Empirical Results
5. Approach 3: Co-evolution of NNs and Examples
5.1 Description of the Algorithm
5.2. Empirical Results
6. Steady-State Reproduction, Noise, and LTFE.
7. Current Status and Outlook
8. Conclusion.
Acknowledgments.
References.
Self-organisation in a system of binary strings
Abstract
Introduction
Reactions between binary strings
Dynamics of a sample system
Evolution
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Effects of Tree Size on Travelband Formation in Orang-Utans: Data Analysis Suggested by a Model Study
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Fieldwork
2.2 Processing of the field data
2.3 The Model
3 Results
3.1 Comparisons between MIRROR-world and Ketambe
3.2 Tests of Model Corollaries by Field Data
4 Discussion
4.1 Costs versus Environmental Structure as Determinants of Sociality
4.2 Sufficiency of TODO rules
Appendix 1: Transition Rates and Fission Probabilities
Appendix 2: Additional Information on the ORANG Model
Acknowledgments
References
A Biologically Inspired Immune System for Computers
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Why current anti-virus techniques are doomed
2.1 Virus scan/repair updates
2.2 Viral influx and its consequences
2.3 Interconnectivity and its consequences
3 An immune system for computers
3.1 Recognizing Known Intruders
3.2 Eliminating Intruders
3.3 Learning to Recognize Unknown Intruders
3.4 Self Replication and Selective Proliferation
3.5 Computer Immune System: Schematic and Implementation
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Egrets of a Feather Flock Together
Abstract
Introduction
Conventional Models for Group Foraging
Horn's Model
Flock Foraging and Local Enhancement
Model: Wandering Egret Brains
Foraging Arena and Egret's View
Action Network
Foraging and Reinforcement Learning
Nesting
Reproduction
Initial Settings
Simulation Results
Nest Formation
Population Dynamics
Analysis of Action Network
Discussion
Foraging Behavior
Nest Formation
Information Transfer
Flexibility and Robustness of Adaptive Behaviors
Territoriality, the Next Target
Acknowledgements
References
A Model of the Effects of Dispersal Distance on the Evolution of Virulence in Parasites
Abstract
Introduction
The Evolution of Virulence
The Theory
The Observations
Configuration Models of Parasites
A Model of the Evolution of Virulence
The Hypothesis
General Structure
Parameters
Fundamental Parameters
Derived Parameters
Initial Conditions
Quirks and Caveats
Major Dynamics Left Out
Additional Details is in the Model
The Experiment
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Innate Biases and Critical Periods: Combining Evolution and Learning in the Acquisition of Syntax
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Networks & Grammars
3 Simulated Evolution
4 Learning a Simple Context-Free Language
5 Learning from a Class of Languages
6 Critical Periods for Learning Languages
7 Learning Temporal Boolean Functions
8 Discussion
9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Dynamics of Self-Assembling Systems -- Analogy with Chemical Kinetics
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical Model
3. Theory and Experiment
3.1. Yield Problem and Its Solution
3.2. Master Equation
4. Activating Mechanism
5. Application to Penrose's Work
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Appendix
References
From Local Actions to Global Tasks: Stigmergy and Collective Robotics
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and analysis
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
How to Evolve Autonomous Robots: Different Approaches in Evolutionary Robotics
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The evolution of an ability to navigate by using the physical robot
3. The evolution of an exploration ability by using a simulated approach.
4. The evolution of a navigation ability using a hybrid (simulated/physical) approach
5. Simulation versus physical approaches
6. The automatic evaluation of the individuals
7. Hardware requirements
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Evolving Visual Routines
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Visual Routines
3 The Problem--Find the Hands
3.1 Fitness Case Generation
4 Genetic Programming Implementation
4.1 The Typed Genetic Program
4.2 The Primitives
4.3 The Fitness Measure and Fitness Cases
5 Results
6 Future Research
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Evolving Sensors in Environments of Controlled Complexity
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Latent Energy Environments
2.1 Modeling individuals' behavior
2.2 Modeling populations' evolution
3 Analysis
3.1 Fitness
3.2 A priori strategies
4 Experiments
4.1 Controls
4.2 Evolution of sensors without learning
4.3 Prediction learning
4.4 Reinforcement learning
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Traffic at the edge of chaos
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Single lane traffic in a closed loop
2.1 Single lane cellular automata model
2.2 Critical life-times of traffic jams
2.3 Variability and predictability of travel times
2.4 Traffic at the edge of chaos
3. A simple transport network
3.1 Ramps
3.2 Nash Equilibrium versus System Optimum
3.3 Travel plans and individual decision logic
3.4 Space-time dynamics
3.5 Congestion detection, toll and travel pricing
4. More simulation results: How to play traffic games
4.1 Technical Set-up
4.2 A simulation of 200 periods (days)
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
A Phase Transition in Random Boolean Networks
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Discussion of Results
3 Definitions
4 Fundamental Lemmas
5 The Region of Stability
6 The Edge of Chaos
7 The Region of Chaos
8 Future Directions
References
Toward an Evolvable Model of Development for Autonomous Agent Synthesis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Model
3.1. Overview
3.2. Genetic Regulatory Network
3.3. Cellular level
3.4. Organismal level
4. Examples and Evolvability
4.1. Developmental Examples
4.2. Evolvability
5. Development of a Simple "Agent"
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Bifurcation Structure in Diversity Dynamics
Abstract
1 The Evolution of Diversity
2 A Simple Model of Evolution
3 Measures of Diversity
4 The Bifurcation Structure
4.1 The Simulations
4.2 Class I: Punctuated Equilibria
4.3 Class II: Erratic Fluctuations
4.4 Class III: Stable Dynamics
4.5 Population Performance
4.6 Generic Punctuated Equilibria
5 A Science of Artificial Life
Acknowledgements
References
On Modelling Life
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Statistical Mechanics of Self-Replicating Bit-Strings
3 Entropy and Information
4 Fractal Structure of Evolution
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
SHORT PAPERS
Genes, Phenes and the Baldwin Effect: Learning and Evolution in a Simulated Population
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental results
3. Comparison with Hinton & Nolan
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Evolving Multi-cellular Artificial Life
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Tierra
2.1 Adding multi-cellularity to Tierra
2.2 First steps
2.3 Creating an evolvable parallel ancestor
3 Evolution And Multi-Cellularity
3.1 Taking advantage of its creator
3.2 Fixing the bug(s)
4 Conclusions and a Glimpse Into the Future
5 Acknowledgments
6 Bibliography
References
Meshing of Engineering Domains by Meitotic Cell Division.
Simulating Natural Spacing Patterns of Insect Bristles Using a Network of Interacting Celloids
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Spacing Patterns
3 Genetic Networks
3.1 Natural Genetic Networks ([MolBio])
3.2 Artificial Genetic Networks
4 Operational Sequences in Celloid Network
5 Experiments and Results
6 Conclusion
7 Acknowledgement
References
Character Recognition Agents
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Character Recognition Agents
2. The Agent Learning Architecture
3. Co-Evolution of Agents and Characters
4. Testing
5. Conclusion
6. References
The Building Behavior of Lattice Swarms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Biological background and experimental data
3. Stigmergic algorithms
4. The complexity of nest architectures
5. 2-D lattice swarms
6. Building behavior in three dimensions
7. Future directions
8. References
9. Appendix
Modeling Adaptive Self-Organization
Abstract
Introduction
Emergence of Structures
Computational model
Cells
Attributes
Interaction rules
Concept of physical space
Creation of networks
Examples
Cell model
Neuron model
Behavior directed by the created network
Adaptation of systems
Variation in the initial values
Variation in the environmental values
Conclusion
Reference
Robot Herds: Group Behaviors for Systems with Significant Dynamics
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Algorithms for Herding
3.1 Perception Model
3.2 Desired Position and Velocity
4 Simulating the Herd
4.1 One-legged Robot Simulation
4.2 Particle Simulation
5 Results
Acknowledgments
References
A Futures Market Simulation with Non-Rational Participants
Abstract
Introduction
Efficient markets
An artificial futures market
Experiments
Experiment 1: Impact of noise
Experiment 2: Comparison point
Experiment 3: Forced liquidations
Experiment 4: Unknown variable
Experiment 5: Protected participant
Experiment 6: Sharing strategies
Experiment 7: Asymmetric information sets
A new description of participants
Related work
Conclusions and future work
Acknowledgments
References
Evolutionary Differentiation of Learning Abilities -- a case study on optimizing parameter values in Q-Learning by a Genetic Algorithm
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Task for individual
3 Learning algorithm
4 Genetic algorithm
4.1 Genetic code
4.2 Fitness
4.3 Genetic operations
5 Experiments
5.1 Without learning on fixed environment
5.2 Without learning on changing environment
5.3 With learning on fixed environment
5.4 With learning on changing environment
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Exploring the Foundations of Artificial Societies: Experiments in Evolving Solutions to Iterated N-Player Prisoner's Dilemma
Abstract
1. Towards Artificial Societies
2. Evolutionary N-Player Iterated Games
3. N-Player Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Evolutionary Dynamics of Altruistic Behavior in Optional and Compulsory Versions of the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Computational Simulations
3 Simulation Results
3.1 The Compulsory Game
3.2 The Optional Game
4 Conclusion
References
Evolving Cooperation in the Non-Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: The Importance of Spatial Organization
Abstract
1 The Prisoner's Dilemma
2 Previous Work on Evolving Cooperation
3 Current Work
3.1 Theoretical Motivation
3.2 Simulations
4 Conclusions
References
An Alternate Interpretation of the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma and the Evolution of Non-Mutual Cooperation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 The Prisoner's Dilemma
2.2 Iterating the Prisoner's Dilemma
2.3 Evolving Strategies for the IPD
3 An Alternate Interpretation of the IPD
3.1 Generalizing the Concept of Cooperation
3.2 The Multi-Max Prisoner's Dilemma
3.3 The Anti-Max Prisoner's Dilemma
4 The Evolution of Non-Mutual Cooperation
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Experiments
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Asymmetric Mutations Due to Semiconservative DNA Replication: Double-stranded DNA Type Genetic Algorithms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Semiconservative DNA replication and asymmetric mutations
3. Sexuality and asymmetric mutations
4. Disparity and parity double-stranded DNA type Genetic Algorithms
4.1. Disparity and parity GAs resolving knapsack problem
4.2. Haploid and asexual ds-DNA type GA and competition between the two models
4.3. Diploid and asexual ds-DNA type GA
4.4. Diploid and sexual ds-DNA type GA
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Embryological Development on Silicon
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Logical Level
3. Hardware Level
4. From Hardware to Wetware
5. Biological Level
6. Emergence of life-like properties
7. Conclusion
References
Development and Evolution of Hardware Behaviors
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Development of HDL-program
2.1 Rewriting System
2.2 Chromosome
3 Evolution of HDL-programs
3.1 Transformation of Chromosome
3.2 Building Block
3.3 Evolvable Hardware Module
4 Evolution of Language
4.1 Production diagram and Space of Programs
4.2 Transformation of Rewriting System
5 Experiment and Result
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Evolutionary Learning in the 2D Artificial Life System "Avida"
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The avida System
3 Localized Interactions and Genotype Age Distribution
4 Evolution and Adaptation
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Asynchrony Induces Stability in Cellular Automata Based models
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Presentation of GL and INM
3 The Dynamics of IMN and GL
4 Asynchrony freezes the game of life
5 Discussion and conclusion
References
Evolutionary Automata
Abstract
Introduction
1. The Class of Evolutionary Automata
2. A Simple Evolutionary Automaton
3. Experimental Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Non-Uniform Cellular Automata: Evolution in Rule Space and Formation of Complex Structures
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Evolution in rule space
3 Formation of complex structures
3.1 A self-reproducing loop
3.2 Reproduction by copier cells
3.3 Formation and replication of complex organisms
4 Discussion
References
Evolutionary Robots: Our Hands In Their Brains?
Abstract
1 The Evolution of Selective Blindness
2 Brain Wanted: No Metaphors Need Apply
3 Evolutionary Robots: Our Hands in Their Brains?
4 The Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms
5 Learning to Evolve
6 Evolving to Learn
7 Learning as Adaptive Behaviour
Acknowledgements
References
Universality Without Matter?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Science and universality
3 Two views of life in theoretical biology
3.1 Life as genetic information
3.2 Organisms as autonomous systems
4 Logic, information and matter
5 The research program in AL
6 A materialistic approach for AL
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Emergent Phenomena and Complexity
Abstract
1 Motivation and Objectives
1.1 Explanation
1.2 Understanding
2 Emergent Phenomena
3 The Roots of Emergence
3.1 Decidability of Emergence
4 Studying Emergence
4.1 Research inside Emergent Systems
4.2 Self-Organised Criticality
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Autonomy vs. Environmental Dependency in Neural Knowledge Representation
Abstract
1 The representational function of feed forward and recurrent neural architectures.
2 Neural systems, finite automata, and representation
3 Implications for representation?
3.1 Behavior, internal states, and representation
4 Conclusions
References
Adiversity Stepping Up Trophic Levels
Abstract
Introduction
Model
The Universe and the Primary Producer
Primary Consumer and Higher Trophic Levels
Over View of a Simulation Step
Simulation Results
Discussion
Emerging Trophic Levels
Extinction
What We can Learn
Acknowlegements
References
Artificial Culture
Abstract
1. Prologue
2. Epistemology
3. Theory
4. Natural Culture
5. Normative Assumptions
6. Culture as Emergence
7. Artificial Culture
8. Computational Objects.
9. Preliminary Results
10. Ethics
References
Explorations in The Emergence of Morphology and Locomotion Behavior in Animated Characters
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Disney Meets Darwin
3. Physics
4. The Structure of The Animat
5. The Head
6. Motor Control
7. Evolution
8. Results
9. Interactive Evolution Overlay
10. Genotype-Phenotype Design
11. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
An Instance of a Parasitic Replicator
References
Author Index
Artificial Life IV
Overview
July 6-8, 1994 · the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The field of artificial life has recently emerged through the interaction of research in biology, physics, parallel computing, artificial intelligence, and complex adaptive systems. The goal is to understand, through synthetic experiments, the organizational principles underlying the dynamics (usually the nonlinear dynamics) of living systems. This book brings together contributions to the Fourth Artificial Life Workshop, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the summer of 1994.
Topics include:
- Self-organization and emergent functionality.
- Definitions of life.
- Origin of life.
- Self-reproduction.
- Computer viruses.
- Synthesis of "the living state."
- Evolution and population genetics.
- Coevolution and ecological dynamics.
- Growth, development, and differentiation.
- Organization and behavior of social and colonial organisms.
- Animal behavior.
- Global and local ecosystems and their intersections.
- Autonomous agents (mobile robots and software agents).
- Collective intelligence ("swarm" intelligence).
- Theoretical biology.
- Philosophical issues in A-life (from ontology to ethics).
- Formalisms and tools for A-life research.
- Guidelines and safeguards for the practice of A-life.
A Bradford Book
About the Editor
Pattie Maes is an associate professor in MIT's Program in Media Arts and Sciences.