| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| 1 | Introduction | |
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| | 1.1 | The Successes of Cognitive Science | |
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| | 1.2 | The Worry | |
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| | 1.3 | The Intuitions | |
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| | 1.4 | Overview and Structure of Argument | |
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| | 1.5 | Historical Context | |
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| | 1.6 | Representations: Establishing a Common Ground | |
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| I | The Computational Theory of Mind: Metatheoretical Underpinnings | |
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| 2 | From Mental Representations to Computation | |
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| | 2.1 | Motivating a Representational Theory of Mind | |
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| | 2.2 | Jerry Fodor: The Language of Thought | |
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| | 2.3 | Newell and Simon: Physical Symbol Systems | |
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| | 2.4 | Critique of Language of Thought and Physical Symbol Systems | |
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| | 2.5 | An Alternative Interpretation of the Computational Theory of Mind | |
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| 3 | Entailments of the Computational Theory of Mind | |
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| | 3.1 | Computational Information Processing Entails CTM-Properties | |
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| | 3.2 | Physical Symbol Systems Are CTM-Systems | |
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| | 3.3 | Fodor's LOT Is Substantially a CTM-System | |
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| | 3.4 | Cummins's Interpretational Semantics Requires a CTM-Scheme | |
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| | 3.5 | Recapitulation and Summary of Argument | |
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| | 3.6 | CTM-Properties Save Computational Explanations from Vacuousness | |
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| | 3.7 | Conclusion | |
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| II | Lessons from Design Problem Solving | |
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| 4 | A Framework for Studying Design | |
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| | 4.1 | Introduction | |
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| | 4.2 | The Structure of the Information Processing System | |
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| | 4.3 | The Structure of the Design Task Environment | |
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| | 4.4 | Resulting Structure of Design Problem Spaces | |
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| | 4.5 | Conclusion | |
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| 5 | Cognitive Processes Involved in Design Problem Solving | |
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| | 5.1 | Experiment Design and Procedure | |
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| | 5.2 | The Nature of the Design Problem Space | |
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| | | 5.2.1 | Personalized Stopping Rules and Evaluation Functions | |
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| | | 5.2.2 | Predominance of Memory Retrieval and Nondemonstrative Inference | |
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| | | 5.2.3 | Reversing the Direction of Transformation Function | |
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| | | 5.2.4 | Solution Decomposition into Leaky Modules | |
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| | | 5.2.5 | Incremental Development of Artifact | |
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| | | 5.2.6 | Control Structure | |
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| | | 5.2.7 | Making and Propagating Commitments | |
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| | | 5.2.8 | Design Development Occurs in Distinct Phases | |
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| | | 5.2.9 | Abstraction Hierarchies | |
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| | 5.3 | Discussion and Summary of the Design Problem Space | |
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| 6 | A Cognitive Science Analysis of Designers' Representations | |
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| | 6.1 | Designers Manipulate Representations of the World | |
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| | 6.2 | Multiplicity of Symbol Systems | |
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| | 6.3 | Constraints on Classification Schemes | |
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| | 6.4 | Informational and Computational Equivalence | |
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| | | 6.4.1 | Summary of Approach | |
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| | | 6.4.2 | Applying the Apparatus: Larkin and Simon (1987) | |
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| | | 6.4.3 | Critique of the Informational- and Computational-Equivalence Approach | |
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| | 6.5 | Summary | |
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| 7 | Goodman's Analysis of Symbol Systems | |
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| | 7.1 | Modes of Reference | |
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| | 7.2 | Theory of Notationality | |
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| | | 7.2.1 | Syntactic Criteria | |
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| | | 7.2.2 | Semantic Criteria | |
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| | 7.3 | Density | |
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| | 7.4 | Repleteness | |
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| | 7.5 | Evaluating the Goodman Apparatus | |
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| | | 7.5.1 | Grounding the Scheme in Intuitive Categories | |
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| | | 7.5.2 | Not Begging the Questions | |
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| | | 7.5.3 | Reasonable Granularity of Individuation | |
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| | | 7.5.4 | Individuating on the Basis of Relevant/Important Properties | |
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| | | 7.5.5 | Limited Knowledge of World Required to Apply the Scheme | |
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| | | 7.5.6 | Wide Applicability of Scheme | |
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| | | 7.5.7 | Accessibility of Criteria to Empirical Methodology and Database | |
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| | | 7.5.8 | The Computational Connection | |
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| 8 | Virtues of Non-Notational Symbol Systems | |
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| | 8.1 | Sorting Designers' Representations | |
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| | 8.2 | Relationship to Imagery Literature | |
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| | 8.3 | No Second-Class Citizens | |
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| | 8.4 | Different Symbol Systems Correlate with Different Cognitive Processes | |
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| 9 | The Role of Sketching in Design Problem Solving | |
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| | 9.1 | Introduction | |
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| | 9.2 | Experiment Design and Procedure | |
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| | 9.3 | Informal Overview of Data | |
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| | 9.4 | Coding Scheme | |
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| | 9.5 | Results | |
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| | 9.6 | Discussion and Conclusion | |
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| | | 9.6.1 | Issues Concerning Logic and Design of Experiment | |
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| | | 9.6.2 | Alternative Interpretations | |
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| | 9.7 | Conclusion to Part II | |
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| III | Implications, Directions, and Conclusions | |
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| 10 | Implications for the Computational Theory of Mind | |
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| | 10.1 | From External to Internal Symbol Systems | |
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| | 10.2 | Additional Concerns about the Computational Theory of Mind | |
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| | 10.3 | Connectionism: Where Is the Theory? | |
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| | 10.4 | Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Appendix A Methodological Details of Study 1: Structure of Design Problem Spaces | |
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| | | Subjects | |
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| | | Task Descriptions | |
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| | | Protocol-Coding Procedures | |
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| | | Individuating Statements | |
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| | | Coding Scheme | |
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| | | General Instructions to Subjects | |
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| | | Design Brief: Architecture | |
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| | | Design Brief: Mechanical Engineering | |
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| | | Design Brief: Instructional Design | |
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| Appendix B Methodological Details of Study 2: The Role of Sketching in Design Problem Solving | |
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| | | Design Brief 1: Poster for Cognitive Science Program at UC-Berkeley | |
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| | | Things to Take into Consideration | |
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| | | Design Brief 2: Poster for the City of San Francisco | |
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| | | Things to Take into Consideration | |
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| | | Design Brief 3: Poster for the Shakespeare Festival | |
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| | | Things to Take into Consideration | |
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| | | Design Brief 4: Timepiece to Commemorate Earth Day | |
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| | | Design Brief 5: Toy for a Toddler | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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