| Introduction | xi |
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| I | HISTORICAL | |
|
| Introduction
Sergei Nirenburg | 3 |
|
| 1 | Translation
Warren Weaver | 13 |
|
| 2 | Mechanical Translation
A. D. Booth | 19 |
|
| 3 | The Mechanical Determination of Meaning
Erwin Reifler | 21 |
|
| 4 | Stochastic Methods of Mechanical Translation
Gilbert W. King | 37 |
|
| 5 | A Framework for Syntactic Translation
Victor H. Yngve | 39 |
|
| 6 | The Present Status of Automatic Translation of Languages
Yehoshua Bar-Hillel | 45 |
|
| 7 | A New Approach to the Mechanical Syntactic Analysis of Russian
Ida Rhodes | 77 |
|
| 8 | A Preliminary Approach to Japanese-English Automatic Translation
Susumu Kuno | 99 |
|
| 9 | On the Mechanization of Syntactic Analysis
Sydney M. Lamb | 109 |
|
| 10 | Research Procedures in Machine Translation
David G. Hays | 115 |
|
| 11 | ALPAC: The (In)Famous Report
John Hutchins | 131 |
|
| 12 | Correlational Analysis and Mechanical Translation
Silvio Ceccato | 137 |
|
| 13 | Automatic Translation: Some Theoretical Aspects and the Design of a Translation System
O. S. Kulagina and I. A. Mel'cuk | 157 |
|
| 14 | Mechanical Pidgin Translation
Margaret Masterman | 177 |
|
| 15 | English-Japanese Machine Translation
S. Takahashi, H. Wada, R. Tadenuma and S. Watanabe | 193 |
|
| II | THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES | |
|
| Introduction
Yorick A. Wilks | 203 |
|
| 16 | Automatic Translation and the Concept of Sublanguage
J. Lehrberger | 207 |
|
| 17 | The Proper Place of Men and Machines in Language Translation
Martin Kay | 221 |
|
| 18 | Machine Translation as an Expert Task
Roderick L. Johnson and Peter Whitelock | 233 |
|
| 19 | Montague Grammar and Machine Translation
Jan Landsbergen | 239 |
|
| 20 | Dialogue Translation vs. Text Translation -- Interpretation Based Approach
Jun-ichi Tsujii and Makoto Nagao | 255 |
|
| 21 | Translation by Structural Correspondences
Ronald M. Kaplan, Klaus Netter, Jurgen Wedekind and Annie Zaenen | 263 |
|
| 22 | Pros and Cons of the Pivot and Transfer Approaches in Multilingual Machine Translation
Christian Boitet | 273 |
|
| 23 | Treatment of Meaning in MT Systems
Sergei Nirenburg and Kenneth Goodman | 281 |
|
| 24 | Where Am I Coming From: The Reversibility of Analysis and Generation in Natural Language Processing
Yorick A. Wilks | 295 |
|
| 25 | The Place of Heuristics in the Fulcrum Approach to Machine Translation
Paul L. Garvin | 301 |
|
| 26 | Computer Aided Translation: A Business Viewpoint
John S. G. Elliston | 311 |
|
| III | SYSTEM DESIGN | |
|
| Introduction
Harold L. Somers | 321 |
|
| 27 | Three Levels of Linguistic Analysis in Machine Translation
Michael Zarechnak | 325 |
|
| 28 | Automatic Translation -- A Survey of Different Approaches
B. Vauquois | 333 |
|
| 29 | Multi-level Translation Aids
Alan K. Melby | 339 |
|
| 30 | EUROTRA: Computational Techniques
Rod Johnson, Maghi King and Louis des Tombe | 345 |
|
| 31 | A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle
Makoto Nagao | 351 |
|
| 32 | A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation
Peter F. Brown, John Cocke, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent Della Pietra, Frederick Jelinek, John Lafferty, Robert L. Mercer and Paul S. Roossin | 355 |
|
| 33 | Automatic Speech Translation at ATR
Tsuyoshi Morimoto and Akira Kurematsu | 363 |
|
| 34 | The Stanford Machine Translation Project
Yorick A. Wilks | 371 |
|
| 35 | The Textual Knowledge Bank: Design, Construction, Applications
Victor Sadler | 391 |
|
| 36 | Machine Translation Without a Source Text
Harold L. Somers, Jun-ichi Tsujii and Danny Jones | 401 |
|
| Source Notes | 407 |
|
| Index | 411 |
|
