| Preface | xiii |
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| I. | HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS | 1 |
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| 1. | Vision Structure and Function: The Early History
Mitchell Glickstein | 3 |
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| 2. | The Role of Single-Unit Analysis in the Past and Future of Neurobiology
Horace Barlow | 14 |
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| II. | DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES | 31 |
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| 3. | Molecular Regulation of Vertebrate Retinal Development
Colin J. Barnstable | 33 |
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| 4. | Neurotrophins, Electrical Activity, and the Development of Visual Function
Nicoletta Berardi and Lamberto Maffei | 46 |
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| 5. | Developmental and Genetic Control of Cell Number in the Retina
Robert W. Williams and Sally A. Moody | 63 |
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| 6. | Development of the Vertebrate Retina
Rachel O.L. Wong and Leanne Godinho | 77 |
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| 7. | The Development of Retinal Decussations
Carol A. Mason and Lynda Erskine | 94 |
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| 8. | The Development of Eye-Specific Segregation in the Retino-Geniculo-Striate Pathway
Barbara Chapman | 108 |
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| 9. | The Role of Neural Activity in the Development of Orientation Selectivity
Chiayu Chiu and Michael Weliky | 117 |
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| 10. | Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Visual Cortex
Nigel W. Daw | 126 |
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| 11. | Ontogenesis of Cortical Connectivity
Henry Kennedy and Andreas Burkhalter | 146 |
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| 12. | Neural Limitations on Visual Development in Primates
Lynne Kiorpes and J. Anthony Movshon | 159 |
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| 13. | Development of Spatial Selectivity and Response Timing in Humans
Anthony M. Norcia | 174 |
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| 14. | The Effects of Selected Forms of Early Visual Deprivation on Perception
Donald E. Mitchell | 189 |
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| 15. | Toward a Future for Aging Eyes
R.A. Weale | 205 |
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| III. | RETINAL MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES | 213 |
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| 16. | Visual Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
Mary E. Burns and Trevor D. Lamb | 215 |
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| 17. | How Retinal Circuits Optimize the Transfer of Visual Information
Peter Sterling | 234 |
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| 18. | ON and OFF Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina and Visual System
Ralph Nelson and Helga Kolb | 260 |
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| 19. | Retinal Synapses
Martin Wilson | 279 |
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| 20. | Retinal Neurotransmitters
Robert E. Marc | 304 |
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| 21. | Excitation in the Retina: The Flow, Filtering, and Molecules of Visual Signaling in the Glutamatergic Pathways from Photoreceptors to Ganglion Cells
David R. Copenhagen | 320 |
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| 22. | Peptide and Peptide Receptor Expression and Function in the Vertebrate Retina
Nicholas C. Brecha | 334 |
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| 23. | Inhibition in the Retina
Malcolm M. Slaughter | 355 |
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| 24. | Anatomy, Circuitry, and Physiology of Vertebrate Horizontal Cells
Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson | 369 |
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| 25. | Retinal Amacrine Cells
David I. Vaney | 395 |
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| 26. | Ganglion Cells in Mammalian Retinae
Paul A. Martin and Ulrike Grunert | 410 |
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| 27. | Retinal Ganglion Cell Excitability
Andrew T. Ishida | 422 |
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| 28. | Direction Selectivity in Retinal Ganglion Cells
Richard H. Masland | 451 |
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| 29. | Spatial Regularity among Retinal Neurons
Jeremy E. Cook | 463 |
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| IV. | ORGANIZATION OF VISUAL PATHWAYS | 479 |
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| 30. | The M, P, and K Pathways of the Primate Visual System
Ehud Kaplan | 481 |
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| 31. | Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective
Vivien A. Casagrande and Xiangmin Xu | 494 |
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| 32. | Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex
David C. Van Essen | 507 |
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| 33. | Communications between Cortical Areas of the Visual System
Jean Bullier | 522 |
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| 34. | Ventral and Dorsal Cortical Processing Streams
Leslie G. Ungerleider and Tatiana Pasternak | 541 |
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| V. | SUBCORTICAL PROCESSING | 563 |
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| 35. | The Visual Relays in the Thalamus
S. Murray Sherman and R. W. Guillery | 565 |
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| 36. | The Visual Functions of the Pulvinar
Christian Casanova | 592 |
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| 37. | Feedback Systems in Visual Processing
Adam M. Sillito and Helen E. Jones | 609 |
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| 38. | Light Responsiveness and Photic Entrainment of the Mammalian Circadian Clock
Johanna H. Meijer and Joseph S. Takahashi | 626 |
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| 39. | Learning from the Pupil: Studies of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
John L. Barbur | 641 |
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| 40. | Blindsight
Larry Weiskrantz | 657 |
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| VI. | PROCESSING IN PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX | 671 |
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| 41. | Functional Connectivity in the Pathway from Retina to Striate Cortex
R. Clay Reid and W. Martin Usrey | 673 |
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| 42. | Cell Types and Local Circuits in Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey
Edward M. Callaway | 680 |
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| 43. | Assembly of Receptive Fields in Primary Visual Cortex
David Ferster | 695 |
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| 44. | A Modern View of the Classical Receptive Field: Linear and Nonlinear Spatiotemporal Processing by V1 Neurons
Gregory C. DeAngelis and Akiyuki Anzai | 704 |
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| 45. | Beyond the Classical Receptive Field: Contextual Modulation of V1 Responses
Victor A. F. Lamme | 720 |
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| 46. | Contributions of Vertical and Horizontal Circuits to the Response Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex
Thomas R. Tucker and David Fitzpatrick | 733 |
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| 47. | Nonlinear Properties of Visual Cortex Neurons: Temporal Dynamics, Stimulus Selectivity, Neural Performance
Duane G. Albrecht, Wilson S. Geisler and Alison M. Crane | 747 |
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| 48. | Binocular Interaction in the Visual Cortex
Ralph D. Freeman | 765 |
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| 49. | From Binocular Disparity to the Perception of Stereoscopic Depth
Andrew J. Parker | 779 |
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| VII | DETECTION AND SAMPLING | 793 |
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| 50. | Formation and Acquisition of the Retinal Image
David R. Williams and Heidi Hofer | 795 |
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| 51. | Thresholds and Noise
Theodore E. Cohn | 811 |
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| 52. | Ideal Observer Analysis
Wilson S. Geisler | 825 |
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| 53. | Scotopic Vision
Walter Makous | 838 |
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| 54. | Visual Adaptation
Adam Reeves | 851 |
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| 55. | Rod-Cone Interactions in Human Vision
Steven L. Buck | 863 |
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| VIII. | BRIGHTNESS AND COLOR | 879 |
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| 56. | Brightness and Lightness
Adriana Fiorentini | 881 |
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| 57. | Color Appearance
Kenneth Knoblauch and Steven K. Shevell | 892 |
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| 58. | Chromatic Discrimination
Joel Pokorny and Vivianne C. Smith | 908 |
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| 59. | The Role of Color in Spatial Vision
Karen K. De Valois | 924 |
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| 60. | Pattern-Selective Adaptation in Color and Form Perception
Michael A. Webster | 936 |
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| 61. | Color Constancy
David H. Brainard | 948 |
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| 62. | Comparative Color Vision
Gerald H. Jacobs | 962 |
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| 63. | Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision and Color Vision Defects
Maureen Neitz and Jay Neitz | 974 |
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| 64. | Linking Retinal Circuits to Color Opponency
David J. Calkins | 989 |
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| 65. | Neural Coding of Color
Russell L. De Valois | 1003 |
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| 66. | The Processing of Color in Extrastriate Cortex
Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Daniel C. Kiper | 1017 |
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| 67. | Improbable Areas in Color Vision
Semir Zeki | 1029 |
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| IX. | FORM, SHAPE, AND OBJECT RECOGNITION | 1041 |
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| 68. | Spatial Scale in Visual Processing
Robert F. Hess | 1043 |
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| 69. | Spatial Channels in Vision and Spatial Pooling
Hugh R. Wilson and Frances Wilkinson | 1060 |
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| 70. | Contour Integration and the Lateral Connections of V1 Neurons
David J. Field and Anthony Hayes | 1069 |
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| 71. | Shape Dimensions and Object Primitives
Charles E. Connor | 1080 |
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| 72. | Shape and Shading
Jan J. Koenderink and Andrea J. van Doorn | 1090 |
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| 73. | Visual Perception of Texture
Michael S. Landy and Norma Graham | 1106 |
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| 74. | Visual Segmentation and Illusory Contours
Robert Shapley, Nava Rubin and Dario Ringach | 1119 |
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| 75. | Global Yet Early Processing of Visual Surfaces
Yukiyasu Kamitani and Shinsuke Shimojo | 1129 |
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| 76. | Image Parsing Mechanisms of the Visual Cortex
Rudiger von der Heydt | 1139 |
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| 77. | Inferotemporal Response Properties
Keiji Tanaka | 1151 |
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| 78. | Invariant Object and Face Recognition
Edmond T. Rolls | 1165 |
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| 79. | The Ventral Visual Object Pathway in Humans: Evidence from fMRI
Nancy Kanwisher | 1179 |
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| X. | MOTION, DEPTH, AND SPATIAL RELATIONS | 1191 |
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| 80. | Motion Cues in Insect Vision and Navigation
Mandayam A. Srinivasan and Shaowu Zhang | 1193 |
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| 81. | The Middle Temporal Area: Motion Processing and the Link to Perception
Kenneth H. Britten | 1203 |
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| 82. | Merging Processing Streams: Color Cues for Motion Detection and Interpretation
Karen R. Dobkins and Thomas D. Albright | 1217 |
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| 83. | Functional Mapping of Motion Regions
Guy A. Orban and Wim Vanduffel | 1229 |
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| 84. | Optic Flow
William H. Warren | 1247 |
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| 85. | The Cortical Analysis of Optic Flow
Charles J. Duffy | 1260 |
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| 86. | The Perceptual Organization of Depth
Roland Fleming and Barton L. Anderson | 1284 |
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| 87. | Stereoopsis
Clifton M. Schor | 1300 |
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| 88. | Binocular Rivalry
Randolph Blake | 1313 |
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| 89. | Sensorimotor Transformation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Hans Scherberger and Richard A. Andersen | 1324 |
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| XI. | EYE MOVEMENTS | 1337 |
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| 90. | Gaze Control under Natural Conditions
Robert M. Steinman | 1339 |
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| 91. | Eye Movements in Daily Life
Michael F. Land | 1357 |
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| 92. | Selection of Targets for Saccadic Eye Movements
Jeffery D. Schall | 1369 |
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| 93. | Visual Perception during Saccades
David C. Burr and M. Concetta Morrone | 1391 |
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| 94. | Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements: Recent Advances
Stephen J. Heinen and Edward L. Keller | 1402 |
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| 95. | Neural Control of Vergence Eye Movements
Lawrence E. Mays | 1415 |
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| 96. | The Primate Frontal Eye Field
Charles J. Bruce, Harriet R. Friedman, Michael S. Kraus and Gregory B. Stanton | 1428 |
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| 97. | Changing Views of the Role of Superior Colliculus in the Control of Gaze
Neeraj J. Gandhi and David L. Sparks | 1449 |
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| 98. | The Dialogue between Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus: Implications for Saccadic Target Selection and Corollary Discharge
Marc A. Sommer and Robert H. Wurtz | 1466 |
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| 99. | Cerebellar Control of Eye Movements
David S. Zee and Mark F. Walker | 1485 |
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| XII. | ATTENTION AND COGNITION | 1499 |
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| 100. | Visual Perception and Cognition in Honeybees
Shaowu Zhang and Mandayam A. Srinivasan | 1501 |
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| 101. | A Neural Basis for Human Visual Attention
Sabine Kastner | 1514 |
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| 102. | Neural and Behavioral Measures of Change Detection
Daniel J. Simons and Michael Silverman | 1524 |
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| 103. | The Role of Attention in Visual Cerebral Cortex
John H.R. Maunsell | 1538 |
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| 104. | Volition and the Prefrontal Cortex
Earl K. Miller and Jonathan D. Wallis | 1546 |
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| XIII | THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL PERSPECTIVES | 1561 |
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| 105. | The Evolution of the Visual System in Primates
Jon H. Kaas | 1563 |
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| 106. | Gestalt Factors in the Visual Neurosciences
Lothar Spillmann and Walter H. Ehrenstein | 1573 |
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| 107. | Neural Mechanisms of Natural Scene Perception
Jack L. Gallant | 1590 |
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| 108. | Principles of Image Representation in Visual Cortex
Bruno A. Olshausen | 1603 |
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| 109 | Local Analysis of Visual Motion
Eero P. Simonocelli | 1616 |
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| 110. | Visual Boundaries and Surfaces
Stephen Grossberg | 1624 |
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| 111. | How the Visual Cortex Recognizes Objects: The Tale of the Standard Model
Maximilian Riesenhuber and Tomaso Poggio | 1640 |
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| 112. | Plasticity of Orientation Processing in Adult Visual Cortex
Valentin Dragoi and Mriganka Sur | 1654 |
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| 113. | Synchrony, Oscillations, and Relational Codes
Wolf Singer | 1665 |
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| 114. | The Neuronal Basis of Visual Consciousness
Christof Koch and Francis C. Crick | 1682 |
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| List of Contributors | C1 |
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| Index | I1 |
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