Paperback | $23.00 Short | £15.95 | ISBN: 9780262512039 | 440 pp. | 6 x 9 in | 20 illus.| August 2008 Ebook |$16.95 Short | ISBN: 9780262254465 | 440 pp. | 6 x 9 in | 20 illus.| August 2008

# Calculating a Natural World

Scientists, Engineers, and Computers During the Rise of U.S. Cold War Research

## Overview

During the Cold War, the field of computing advanced rapidly within a complex institutional context. In Calculating a Natural World, Atsushi Akera describes the complicated interplay of academic, commercial, and government and military interests that produced a burst of scientific discovery and technological innovation in 1940s and 1950s America. This was the era of big machines--the computers that made the reputations of IBM and of many academic laboratories--and Akera uses the computer as a historical window on the emerging infrastructure of American scientific and engineering research. The military-industrial complex is often spoken of as a coherent and unified power, but Akera argues that it was the tensions as much as the convergences among military, business, and academic forces that fueled scientific and technological advances.Akera's study is unique in its integration of a history of postwar computing--usually told in terms of either business or hardware--and a mapping of an "ecology of knowledge" represented by the emerging institutional infrastructure for computing. For example, Akera sees John Mauchly's early work on computers as a product of his peripatetic career--his journey through different institutional ecologies--and John von Neumann's work as emerging from the convergence of physics and applied mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study. Akera also looks at the ways in which the institutional contexts of the National Bureau of Standards and MIT's Project Whirlwind pulled research in diverging directions, and he examines IBM's dominance from the perspectives of both business and users. Finally, Akera compares the academic computing centers at MIT and the University of Michigan, tracing the tensions on those campuses over whether computers were a service facility, a commercial technology, or a subject of research.

Atsushi Akera is Assistant Professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

## Endorsements

"Akera's Calculating a Natural World takes many of the familiar developments in the early history of digital electronic computing and recasts them so as to reveal the 'ecologies of knowledge' that gave rise to them, were transformed by them, and, in turn, further shaped these artifacts and practices. To carry out this daunting task, Akera thoughtfully relies on and contributes to constructivist and post-constructivist social theory, all while basing his narrative on detailed historical research. The result is a fine job of storytelling and theory building a sure contribution to the history of technology, computing history, and the broader study of technological innovation." David A. Hounshell , David M. Roderick Professor of Technology and Social Change, Carnegie Mellon University"—

"Akera's well-researched and engaging book offers a new synthesis of the history of postwar computing." David Mindell , Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society, MIT"—

"Strategic Computing makes a significant contribution to the history of computing. We have very little professionally done history of computing research for the 1980s, and none on this phase of DARPA’s work, which was clearly important."--David Mindell, Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society, MIT"—

"Strategic Computing critically examines one of the late twentieth century's largest and initially most-touted federal programs to expand dramatically the hardware and software capabilities of computers and intelligent systems for U.S. defense and war-making capabilities. While the book provides us with a history and an analysis of SCI, it is about much more. Strategic Computing should be read by policymakers, managers, members of Congress, lobbyists, and the public; its lessons are deep and vital for the United States as the nation conducts what President George W. Bush has promised will be a long war on terrorism and as the Pentagon seeks to develop new technologies, many of them with roots going back to SCI."--David A. Hounshell, David M. Roderick Professor of Technology and Social Change, Carnegie Mellon University"—

“Akera’s well-researched and engaging book offers a new synthesis of the history of postwar computing.”--David Mindell, Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society, MIT"—

"Akera’s *Calculating a Natural World* takes many of the familiar developments in the early history of digital electronic computing and recasts them so as to reveal the 'ecologies of knowledge' that gave rise to them, were transformed by them, and, in turn, further shaped these artifacts and practices. To carry out this daunting task, Akera thoughtfully relies on — and contributes to — constructivist and post-constructivist social theory, all while basing his narrative on detailed historical research. The result is a fine job of storytelling and theory building — a sure contribution to the history of technology, computing history, and the broader study of technological innovation."--David A. Hounshell, David M. Roderick Professor of Technology and Social Change, Carnegie Mellon University"—

## Awards

Winner, 2010 Computer History Museum Prize, awarded by the Society for the History of Technology.